How to build a Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor (HW-390) for ESP8266, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico W for Alexa

#ifndef _CAPACITIVESOILMOISTURESENSOR_H_
#define _CAPACITIVESOILMOISTURESENSOR_H_

#include <SinricProDevice.h>
#include <Capabilities/ModeController.h>
#include <Capabilities/RangeController.h>
#include <Capabilities/PushNotification.h>

class CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor 
: public SinricProDevice
, public ModeController<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor>
, public RangeController<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor>
, public PushNotification<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor> {
  friend class ModeController<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor>;
  friend class RangeController<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor>;
  friend class PushNotification<CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor>;
public:
  CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor(const String &deviceId) : SinricProDevice(deviceId, "CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor") {};
};

#endif

// #define ENABLE_DEBUG

#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
  #define DEBUG_ESP_PORT Serial
  #define NODEBUG_WEBSOCKETS
  #define NDEBUG
#endif

#include <Arduino.h>
#ifdef ESP8266
  #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#endif
#ifdef ESP32
  #include <WiFi.h>
#endif

#include <SinricPro.h>
#include "CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor.h"

// Grab it from https://portal.sinric.pro.
#define APP_KEY    "" //Should look like "de0bxxxx-1x3x-4x3x-ax2x-5dabxxxxxxxx"
#define APP_SECRET "" //Should look like "5f36xxxx-x3x7-4x3x-xexe-e86724a9xxxx-4c4axxxx-3x3x-x5xe-x9x3-333d65xxxxxx"
#define DEVICE_ID  "" //Should look like "6534xxxxxxxc08c6ea1b"

#define SSID       "" // Your WiFi SSID
#define PASS       "" // Your WiFi Password

#define BAUD_RATE         115200              // Change baudrate to your need (used for serial monitor)
#define EVENT_WAIT_TIME   60000               // send event every 60 seconds

#if defined(ESP8266)
  const int adcPin = A0;  
#elif defined(ESP32) 
  const int adcPin = 34;  
#elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_RP2040)
  const int adcPin = 26;  
#endif

const int VERY_DRY = 720; // TODO: This is when soil is dry. Adjust according to your sensor
const int VERY_WET = 560; // TODO: This is when soil is wet. Adjust according to your sensor
const int NEITHER_DRY_OR_WET = 620; // TODO: This is when soil is neither wet or dry. Adjust according to your sensor
const int DRY_PUSH_NOTIFICATION_THRESHHOLD = 700; // TODO: This is when to send a push notification to the mobile phone. Adjust according to your sensor
const int UNPLUGGED = 735; // This is the value sensor produce when it's not in the ground.

int lastSoilMoisture = 0;
String lastSoilMoistureStr = "";

CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor &capacitiveSoilMoistureSensor = SinricPro[DEVICE_ID];

void updateSoilState(String mode) {
  capacitiveSoilMoistureSensor.sendModeEvent("modeInstance1", mode, "PHYSICAL_INTERACTION");
}

void updateMoistureLevel(int value) {
  capacitiveSoilMoistureSensor.sendRangeValueEvent("rangeInstance1", value);
}

void sendPushNotification(String message) {
  capacitiveSoilMoistureSensor.sendPushNotification(message);
}

void handleCapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor() {
  if (SinricPro.isConnected() == false) {
    return; 
  }

  static unsigned long last_millis;
  unsigned long        current_millis = millis();
  if (last_millis && current_millis - last_millis < EVENT_WAIT_TIME) return;
  last_millis = current_millis;
  
  int soilMoisture = analogRead(adcPin);
  int percentage = map(soilMoisture, VERY_WET, VERY_DRY, 100, 0); 
  percentage = constrain(percentage, 1, 100);

  Serial.printf("Soil Moisture: %d. as a percentage: %d%%\r\n", soilMoisture, percentage); 
 
  if (isnan(soilMoisture)) { // reading failed... 
    Serial.printf("Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor reading failed!\r\n");  // print error message
    return;                                    // try again next time
  } 

  if (soilMoisture == lastSoilMoisture) {
    Serial.printf("Soil moisture did not changed. do nothing...!\r\n");
    return; 
  }

  // Determine Wet or Dry.
  String soilMoistureStr = "";
  if(soilMoisture > NEITHER_DRY_OR_WET) {
    soilMoistureStr = "Dry"; // NOTE: must be Wet, Dry. This is from modes list in template.
  } else {
    soilMoistureStr = "Wet";
  }

  // Update Moisture label
  if(lastSoilMoistureStr != soilMoistureStr) {
    lastSoilMoistureStr = soilMoistureStr;
    updateSoilState(soilMoistureStr);
  }
  
  delay(500);

  // Update Moisture level label
  updateMoistureLevel(percentage); 

  // Send push notifications
  if(soilMoisture > DRY_PUSH_NOTIFICATION_THRESHHOLD) {
    sendPushNotification("Plants are too dry. Time to water the plants!");
  }

  if(soilMoisture > UNPLUGGED) {
    sendPushNotification("Sensor seems to be unhooked. Please check!");
  }

  lastSoilMoisture = soilMoisture;  // save to compare next time.
}


/********* 
 * Setups *
 *********/

void setupSinricPro() {
  SinricPro.onConnected([]{ Serial.printf("[SinricPro]: Connected\r\n"); });
  SinricPro.onDisconnected([]{ Serial.printf("[SinricPro]: Disconnected\r\n"); });
  SinricPro.begin(APP_KEY, APP_SECRET);
};

void setupSensor() {
  pinMode(adcPin, INPUT);
}

void setupWiFi() {
  #if defined(ESP8266)
    WiFi.setSleepMode(WIFI_NONE_SLEEP); 
    WiFi.setAutoReconnect(true);
  #elif defined(ESP32)
    WiFi.setSleep(false); 
    WiFi.setAutoReconnect(true);
  #endif

  WiFi.begin(SSID, PASS);
  Serial.printf("[WiFi]: Connecting to %s", SSID);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    Serial.printf(".");
    delay(250);
  }
  Serial.printf("connected\r\n");
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(BAUD_RATE);
  setupSensor();
  setupWiFi();
  setupSinricPro();
}

/********
 * Loop *
 ********/

void loop() {
  SinricPro.handle();
  handleCapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor();
}